View source for Using the peel test to measure the work of adhesion in a confined elastic film

[[Image:PeelTestDiagram1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|alt=Peel Test Diagram.|Diagram of a cantilever plate experiment.  A thin elastomeric film is bonded to a rigid substrate and a flexible glass plate is peeled away from it by inserting a spacer of height ∆ between the plate and the film.  The distance ''a'' between the spacer and the edge of the crack can be used to quantify the bonding strength of the adhesive.]]

The authors present theoretical and experimental work in an effort to characterize the strength of adhesion forces between a thin elastomeric film bonded to a rigid surface and a flexible plate.  The peel test is used to measure the adhesive forces: a spacer of known height is slipped between the flexible plate and the rigid surface, such that a crack forms between the adhesive and the flexible plate.  The height of the spacer (<math> \Delta </math>) and the length of the crack (''a'') are used with other parameters to quantify the strength of the adhesive force, as a stronger adhesive should correspond to a shorter crack.  The authors examine the limits of perfect adhesion and of perfect slippage in this analysis.

==General Information==

'''Keywords''': [[Surface Forces|surface force]], [[peel test]], [[adhesion]]

'''Authors''': Animangsu Ghatak, [[L. Mahadevan]], and Manoj K. Chaudhury.

'''Date''': June 19, 2004.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015

Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

''Langmuir'' '''21''', 1277-81. [http://www.seas.harvard.edu/softmat/downloads/2005-04.pdf]

==Summary==

[[Image:GhatakData1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Peel Test Diagram.|(a) The scaled displacement as a function of <math>f_1(ak)</math> makes it possible to determine the work of adhesion ''W''.  (b) The scaled displacement as a function of <math>f_2(ak)</math> makes it possible to measure the value of the constant ''C'', permitting another comparison with theory.]]

The authors first develop a theoretical framework for analyzing the adhesion strength of a thin elastomer film in terms of the length of the crack that is formed by a spacer in the peel test.  Arguments are made based on boundary conditions in terms of incompressibility as well as continuity and smoothness of the displacement vector field of the coverslip, or flexible glass plate.  The result of the theoretical analysis is:

<math> \frac{\Delta D^{1/2} k^2}{\gamma^{1/2}} = ({\frac{W}{12 \gamma}})^{1/2} f_1 (ak) </math>

where <math>\gamma</math> is the surface energy of the films, ''W'' is the work of adhesion, ''D'' is the bending stiffness, <math>f_1</math> is a complicated function that comes out of the theory with imposed boundary conditions, and ''k'' is a characteristic length scale of the deformable plate.  Experimental work was performed to determine values of the parameters in this equation so that the work of adhesion ''W'' could be found experimentally and compared with the theory.  Similarly, the theoretical work produced the equation

<math> \frac{\Delta D^{1/2} k^2}{\gamma^{1/2}} = C ({\frac{W}{108 \gamma}})^{1/2} f_2 (ak) </math>

where the constant ''C'', which depends on the maximum tensile stress, could be determined from experimental results as well.

The experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions, as one can see from the graphs of the scaled displacement under various scenarios.  However, the data were not precise enough to confirm the theoretical predictions for the limiting cases of perfect bonding or perfect slippage.  They do, however, suggest that the critical failure stress is "orders of magnitude smaller than that estimated from the van der Waals disjoining pressure [...] at the open surfaces of the crack."

==Connection to soft matter==

This article presents a new way of measuring [[Adhesion|adhesion]] strength by including effects related to the thickness of the adhesive film and the flexibility of the plate in contact with the film.  Previous attempts to compare experimental adhesive strength results with theory did not adequately take these effects into account.  The authors additionally propose dimensionless quantities that can be associated with an adhesive material and geometry more generally.  Adhesion is an important concept in soft matter as it is a [[Surface Forces|surface force]], a topic which physicists have been studying for hundreds of years.