Difference between revisions of "Surface tension"
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==Units== | ==Units== | ||
Surface tension (<math>\gamma</math>) has dimensions of force per unit length, <math>\frac{F} {L}</math>. | Surface tension (<math>\gamma</math>) has dimensions of force per unit length, <math>\frac{F} {L}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Examples== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Topological Changes in Bipolar Nematic Droplets under Flow]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Fernández-Nieves et. al. describe how they can change the configuration of the defects and director field in nematic liquid crystal droplets immersed in water. They use microfluidics to periodically change from bipolar and escaped concentric configurations, and when flow is stopped the droplets remain in whichever configuration they are in, even tough the bipolar state has a lower energy. The surface tension between the liquid crystal and the water stabilizes the droplets and determines their shape. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Self-assembled Shells Composed of Colloidal Particles: Fabrication and Characterization]]=== | ||
+ | Hsu et. al. showed how they can influence the morphology and mechanical properties of self-assembled polystyrene colloidal monolayers around emulsified drops by tuning the surface tension, molecular interaction, and stabilization of organic/water emulsions. Various emulsions were made using different solvents and stabilization techniques to explore how self-assembly was effected by solution and post-assembly parameters. The morphology and mechanical properties of each different emulsion were documented using scanning electron microscopy and axisymmetric compression. Surface tension governed both the assembly structure and the feasibility of the colloidal monolayers to act as size sieves for controlled liquid release. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Line 38: | Line 47: | ||
[[Liquid-Infused Nanostructured Surfaces with Extreme Anti-Ice and Anti-Frost Performance]] | [[Liquid-Infused Nanostructured Surfaces with Extreme Anti-Ice and Anti-Frost Performance]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[How aphids lose their marbles]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[The viscous catenary]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Elasticity of an interfacial particle raft]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[The wall-induced motion of a floating flexible train]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Onset of Buckling in Drying Droplets of Colloidal Suspensions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Hydrodynamical models for the chaotic dripping faucet]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[The ‘‘Cheerios effect’’]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Non-spherical bubbles]] | ||
[[Wetting in Color: Colorimetric Differentiation of Organic Liquids with High Selectivity]] | [[Wetting in Color: Colorimetric Differentiation of Organic Liquids with High Selectivity]] | ||
Line 79: | Line 104: | ||
[[Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. I. Stability theory]] | [[Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. I. Stability theory]] | ||
− | [[Nanometer | + | [[Nanometer patterning with ice]] |
+ | |||
+ | [[Capillary rise between elastic sheets]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Gravitational Stability of Suspensions of Attractive Colloidal Particles]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[A Quantitative Analysis of Contractility in Active Cytoskeletal Protein Networks]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Equilibrium of an elastically confined liquid drop]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Hygromorphs: from pine cones to biomimetic bilayers]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Flip-Flop-Induced Relaxation of Bending Energy: Implications for Membrane Remodeling]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Control of Shape and Size of Nanopillar Assembly by Adhesion-Mediated Elastocapillary Interaction]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[How wet paper curls]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Buckling of a thin-layer Couette flow]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Shock-driven jamming and periodic fracture of particulate rafts]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[A simple model for nanofiber formation by rotary jet-spinning]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Hydrodynamics of Writing with Ink]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Soft catenaries]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Minimal surfaces bounded by elastic lines]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Scale and Nature of Sulcification Patterns]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Mitosis: Taking the Measure of Spindle Length]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Fluctuations in membranes with crystalline and hexatic order]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Evolving crack patterns in thin films with the extended finite element method]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Reliability of Interconnect Structures]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[New directions in mechanics]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Templated Self-Assembly Over Patterned Electrodes by an Applied Electric Field: Geometric Constraints and Diversity of Materials]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Snap-through Expansion of a Gas Bubble in an Elastomer]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Creasing instability of elastomer films]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Analytical Solutions of Polymeric Gel Structures under Buckling and Wrinkle]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Concurrent electromigration and creep in lead-free solder]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Measuring the elastic modulus of microgels using microdrops]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Phase switching of ordered arrays of liquid crystal emulsions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[High-throughput injection with microfluidics using picoinjectors]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[One-step formation of multiple emulsions in microfluidics]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Air-bubble-triggered drop formation in microfluidics]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[A new device for the generation of microbubbles]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Surface-Tension-Induced Synthesis of Complex Particles Using Confined Polymeric Fluids]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Diffusing-wave-spectroscopy measurements of viscoelasticity of complex fluids]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Emulsion glasses: A dynamic light-scattering study]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Osmotic pressure and viscoelastic shear moduli of concentrated emulsions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Optical Measurements of Frequency-Dependent Linear Viscoelastic Moduli of Complex Fluids]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Drying of Complex Suspensions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Efficient encapsulation with plug-triggered drop formation]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Measuring the elastic modulus of microgels using microdrops]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Valve-based flow focusing for drop formation]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Impact of inlet channel geometry on microfluidic drop formation]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Microfluidic sorting with high-speed single-layer membrane valves]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Electrocoalescence of drops synchronized by size-dependent flow in microfluidic channels]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Glass-like dynamics of collective cell migration]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Bacillus subtilis spreads by surfing on waves of surfactant]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Spinodal Decomposition in a Model Colloid-Polymer Mixture in Microgravity]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[A Quantitative Analysis of Contractility in Active Cytoskeletal Protein Networks]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Breakup of double emulsions in constrictions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Droplet-Based Microfluidic Platforms for the Encapsulation and Screening of Mammalian Cells and Multicellular Organisms]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Real-Space Imaging of Nucleation and Growth in Colloidal Crystallization]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn): A Liquid Metal Alloy for the Formation of Stable Structures in Microchannels at Room Temperature]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Colloidosomes: Selectively Permeable Capsules Composed of Colloidal Particles]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Optically Anisotropic Colloids of Controllable Shape]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Polarization dependent Bragg diffraction and electro-optic switching of three-dimensional assemblies of nematic liquid crystal droplets]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Topological Changes in Bipolar Nematic Droplets under Flow]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Tetrahedral calcite crystals facilitate self-assembly at the air-water interface]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Dewetting Instability during the Formation of Polymersomes from Block-Copolymer-Stabilized Double Emulsions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Self-assembled Shells Composed of Colloidal Particles: Fabrication and Characterization]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Glioma Expansion in Collagen I Matrices: Analyzing Collagen Concentration-Dependent Growth and Motility Patterns]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Amphiphilic Crescent-Moon-Shaped Microparticles Formed by Selective Adsorption of Colloids]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Gravitational Stability of Suspensions of Attractive Colloidal Particles]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Influence of Internal Capsid Pressure on Viral Infection by Phage Lambda]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Monodisperse Emulsion Generation via Drop Break Off in a Coflowing Stream]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Elasticity of dilatant particle suspensions during flow]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Viscoelastic properties of oxide-coated liquid metals]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Generation of Polymerosomes from Double-Emulsions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Yielding and Flow of Monodisperse Emulsions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Electric-field-induced capillary attraction between like-charged particles at liquid interfaces]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Spontaneous Formation of Lipid Structures at Oil/Water/Lipid Interfaces]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Dropspots: a picoliter array in a microfluidic device]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Polymers fit for function Making emulsions drop by drop]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Microfluidic Assembly of Homogeneous and Janus Colloid-Filled Hydrogel Granules]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Corrugated interfaces in multiphase core-annular flow]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Microfluidic Fabrication of Monodisperse Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymersomes with Controlled Permeability]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Droplet Microfluidics for Fabrication of Non-Spherical Particles]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Buckling and Crumpling of Drying Droplets of Colloid-Polymer Suspensions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Physical forces during collective cell migration]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Onset of Buckling in Drying Droplets of Colloidal Suspensions]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Dripping, Jetting, Drops, and Wetting: The Magic of Microfluidics]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Absolute Instability of a Liquid Jet in a Coflowing Stream]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Fabrication of Monodisperse Toroidal Particles by Polymer Solidification in Microfluidics]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Dynamics of Drying in 3D Porous Media]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[The pressure drop along rectangular microchannels containing bubbles]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Electrostatic Charging Due to Separation of Ions at Interfaces: Contact Electrification of Ionic Electrets]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn): A Liquid Metal Alloy for the Formation of Stable Structures in Microchannels at Room Temperature]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Fabrication of Arrays of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanotubes by Shadow Evaporation]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Interfacial instabilities in a microfluidic Hele-Shaw cell]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Integrated Fabrication and Magnetic Positioning of Metallic and Polymeric Nanowires Embedded in Thin Epoxy Slabs]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Basic Microfluidic and Soft Lithographic Techniques]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Continuously tunable microdroplet-laser in a microfluidic channel]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Fabrication of Micrometer-Scale, Patterned Polyhedra by Self-Assembly]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Chemical Force Spectroscopy in Heterogeneous Systems: Intermolecular Interactions Involving Epoxy Polymer, Mixed Monolayers, and Polar Solvents]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Surface Tension-Powered Self-Assembly of Microstructures—The State-of-the-Art]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Self-Assembled Monolayers of Thiolates on Metals as a Form of Nanotechnology]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Formation of droplets and bubbles in a microfluidic T-junction—scaling and mechanism of break-up]] |
Latest revision as of 21:42, 16 October 2012
Contents
Definition
Surface tension is a property of liquid surfaces caused by cohesion. Cohesion is the physical property resulting from the intermolecular forces attracting like-molecules. The molecules on the surface of a liquid have a greater attraction to like-molecules around them than to unlike-molecules.
Molecules on the surface of a liquid experience an inward force balanced by the resistance to compression. Another important point in understanding surface tension is the liquid molecules seek the lowest possible surface area. This is the reason that liquids form droplets on hydrophobic surfaces. The interface of lke-molecules has a lower energy than the interface of unlike-molecules, therefore surface molecules seek to have as many like-molecule interfaces as possible resulting in the lowest surface area.
Units
Surface tension (<math>\gamma</math>) has dimensions of force per unit length, <math>\frac{F} {L}</math>.
Examples
Topological Changes in Bipolar Nematic Droplets under Flow
Fernández-Nieves et. al. describe how they can change the configuration of the defects and director field in nematic liquid crystal droplets immersed in water. They use microfluidics to periodically change from bipolar and escaped concentric configurations, and when flow is stopped the droplets remain in whichever configuration they are in, even tough the bipolar state has a lower energy. The surface tension between the liquid crystal and the water stabilizes the droplets and determines their shape.
Self-assembled Shells Composed of Colloidal Particles: Fabrication and Characterization
Hsu et. al. showed how they can influence the morphology and mechanical properties of self-assembled polystyrene colloidal monolayers around emulsified drops by tuning the surface tension, molecular interaction, and stabilization of organic/water emulsions. Various emulsions were made using different solvents and stabilization techniques to explore how self-assembly was effected by solution and post-assembly parameters. The morphology and mechanical properties of each different emulsion were documented using scanning electron microscopy and axisymmetric compression. Surface tension governed both the assembly structure and the feasibility of the colloidal monolayers to act as size sieves for controlled liquid release.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_%28chemistry%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension
Keyword in references:
Capillary rise between elastic sheets
Contact angle associated with thin liquid films in emulsions
Controlled Assembly of Jammed Colloidal Shells on Fluid Droplets
Controlling the Fiber Diameter during electrospinning
Surface-Tension-Induced Synthesis of Complex Particles Using Confined Polymeric Fluids
The Deformation of an Elastic Substrate by a Three-Phase Contact Line E. R. Jerison
Substrate Curvature Resulting from the Capillary Forces of a Liquid Drop
Steering nanofibers: An integrative approach to bio-inspired fiber fabrication and assembly
Liquid-infused structured surfaces with exceptional anti-biofouling performance
Liquid-Infused Nanostructured Surfaces with Extreme Anti-Ice and Anti-Frost Performance
Elasticity of an interfacial particle raft
The wall-induced motion of a floating flexible train
Onset of Buckling in Drying Droplets of Colloidal Suspensions
Hydrodynamical models for the chaotic dripping faucet
Wetting in Color: Colorimetric Differentiation of Organic Liquids with High Selectivity
Acoustic Energy Storage in Single Bubble Sonoluminescence
Why air bubbles in water glow so easily
Analysis of Rayleigh–Plesset dynamics for sonoluminescing bubbles
Electrospinning: A whipping fluid jet generates submicron polymer fibers
Collapsing bacterial cylinders
Elastic Instability in Growing Yeast Colonies
Electric-field-induced capillary attraction between like-charged particles at liquid interfaces
Breakdown of scaling in droplet fission at high Reynolds number
Phase diagrams for sonoluminescing bubbles
On the bursting of viscous films
Linear stability and transient growth in driven contact lines
Mechanisms for Stable Single Bubble Sonoluminescence
Pinching threads, singularities and the number 0.0304 . . .
Single-bubble sonoluminescence
Thermal bending of liquid sheets and jets
Self-Assembly of Spherical Particles on an Evaporating Sessile Droplet
Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. I. Stability theory
Capillary rise between elastic sheets
Gravitational Stability of Suspensions of Attractive Colloidal Particles
A Quantitative Analysis of Contractility in Active Cytoskeletal Protein Networks
Equilibrium of an elastically confined liquid drop
Hygromorphs: from pine cones to biomimetic bilayers
Flip-Flop-Induced Relaxation of Bending Energy: Implications for Membrane Remodeling
Control of Shape and Size of Nanopillar Assembly by Adhesion-Mediated Elastocapillary Interaction
Buckling of a thin-layer Couette flow
Shock-driven jamming and periodic fracture of particulate rafts
A simple model for nanofiber formation by rotary jet-spinning
Hydrodynamics of Writing with Ink
Minimal surfaces bounded by elastic lines
Scale and Nature of Sulcification Patterns
Mitosis: Taking the Measure of Spindle Length
Fluctuations in membranes with crystalline and hexatic order
Evolving crack patterns in thin films with the extended finite element method
Reliability of Interconnect Structures
Snap-through Expansion of a Gas Bubble in an Elastomer
Creasing instability of elastomer films
Analytical Solutions of Polymeric Gel Structures under Buckling and Wrinkle
Concurrent electromigration and creep in lead-free solder
Measuring the elastic modulus of microgels using microdrops
Phase switching of ordered arrays of liquid crystal emulsions
High-throughput injection with microfluidics using picoinjectors
One-step formation of multiple emulsions in microfluidics
Air-bubble-triggered drop formation in microfluidics
A new device for the generation of microbubbles
Surface-Tension-Induced Synthesis of Complex Particles Using Confined Polymeric Fluids
Diffusing-wave-spectroscopy measurements of viscoelasticity of complex fluids
Emulsion glasses: A dynamic light-scattering study
Osmotic pressure and viscoelastic shear moduli of concentrated emulsions
Optical Measurements of Frequency-Dependent Linear Viscoelastic Moduli of Complex Fluids
Efficient encapsulation with plug-triggered drop formation
Measuring the elastic modulus of microgels using microdrops
Valve-based flow focusing for drop formation
Impact of inlet channel geometry on microfluidic drop formation
Microfluidic sorting with high-speed single-layer membrane valves
Electrocoalescence of drops synchronized by size-dependent flow in microfluidic channels
Glass-like dynamics of collective cell migration
Bacillus subtilis spreads by surfing on waves of surfactant
Spinodal Decomposition in a Model Colloid-Polymer Mixture in Microgravity
A Quantitative Analysis of Contractility in Active Cytoskeletal Protein Networks
Breakup of double emulsions in constrictions
Real-Space Imaging of Nucleation and Growth in Colloidal Crystallization
Colloidosomes: Selectively Permeable Capsules Composed of Colloidal Particles
Optically Anisotropic Colloids of Controllable Shape
Topological Changes in Bipolar Nematic Droplets under Flow
Tetrahedral calcite crystals facilitate self-assembly at the air-water interface
Self-assembled Shells Composed of Colloidal Particles: Fabrication and Characterization
Amphiphilic Crescent-Moon-Shaped Microparticles Formed by Selective Adsorption of Colloids
Gravitational Stability of Suspensions of Attractive Colloidal Particles
Influence of Internal Capsid Pressure on Viral Infection by Phage Lambda
Monodisperse Emulsion Generation via Drop Break Off in a Coflowing Stream
Elasticity of dilatant particle suspensions during flow
Viscoelastic properties of oxide-coated liquid metals
Generation of Polymerosomes from Double-Emulsions
Yielding and Flow of Monodisperse Emulsions
Electric-field-induced capillary attraction between like-charged particles at liquid interfaces
Spontaneous Formation of Lipid Structures at Oil/Water/Lipid Interfaces
Dropspots: a picoliter array in a microfluidic device
Polymers fit for function Making emulsions drop by drop
Microfluidic Assembly of Homogeneous and Janus Colloid-Filled Hydrogel Granules
Corrugated interfaces in multiphase core-annular flow
Droplet Microfluidics for Fabrication of Non-Spherical Particles
Buckling and Crumpling of Drying Droplets of Colloid-Polymer Suspensions
Physical forces during collective cell migration
Onset of Buckling in Drying Droplets of Colloidal Suspensions
Dripping, Jetting, Drops, and Wetting: The Magic of Microfluidics
Absolute Instability of a Liquid Jet in a Coflowing Stream
Fabrication of Monodisperse Toroidal Particles by Polymer Solidification in Microfluidics
Dynamics of Drying in 3D Porous Media
The pressure drop along rectangular microchannels containing bubbles
Fabrication of Arrays of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanotubes by Shadow Evaporation
Interfacial instabilities in a microfluidic Hele-Shaw cell
Basic Microfluidic and Soft Lithographic Techniques
Continuously tunable microdroplet-laser in a microfluidic channel
Fabrication of Micrometer-Scale, Patterned Polyhedra by Self-Assembly
Surface Tension-Powered Self-Assembly of Microstructures—The State-of-the-Art
Self-Assembled Monolayers of Thiolates on Metals as a Form of Nanotechnology
Formation of droplets and bubbles in a microfluidic T-junction—scaling and mechanism of break-up