View source for Bulk Synthesis of Polymer-Inorganic Colloidal Clusters

''Entry by Pichet Adstamongkonkul, AP 225, Fall 2011''

''work in progress''

Reference:

'''Title''': Bulk Synthesis of Polymer-Inorganic Colloidal Clusters

'''Authors''': Adeline Perro and Vinothan N. Manoharan

'''Journal''': Langmuir, 2010, Vol. 26, No. 24

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== Summary ==

Nonspherical colloidal particles can be used as model systems to understand phase behavior and as building blocks for three-dimensional photonic crystal structures if we can control their shape, size, composition, and yield, which in turn precisely define the morphologies and surface properties of those particles. An approach uses pre-formed spherical particles and make them aggregate in a controlled manner into clusters, which allows different morphologies to be produced. This paper is the generalization of a method previously developed, which makes polystyrene-silica colloidal clusters in bulk with high yield, to other materials that could have a wider applications. The general process can be divided into three steps: the grafting of coupling agents onto the surface of inorganic seed; the emulsion polymerization reaction on the inorganic nanoparticles; and silanization the clusters, which facilitates the functionalization, by introducing a silane derivative during the polymerization.

[[Image:bulk-synthesis-scheme-1.jpg]]

== Methodology ==

''Preparation of Inorganic Nanoparticle Seeds''

In this study, two types of nanoparticle seeds were made: titanium dioxide seeds and silica seeds. The synthesis of the two kinds of seeds is very similar. In case of titanium dioxide seeds, titanium (IV) ethoxide solution was added to the mixture of ethanol, KCl and nitrogen, stirring at ambient temperature. By varying the salt concentration, one can change the size and distribution of the particles; increasing the salt concentration decreases the size. On the contrary, silica seeds were synthesized via Stober sol-gel process; the mixture of ethanol and ammonia solution was stirred abd heated before the addition of tetraethoxysilane. To promote the growth of polymer on the seed surface, the authors adsorbed either a macromonomers of PEG or covalently grafted methacryloxymethyltriethoxysilane (MMS), a silane derivative onto the inorganic particles surface.

''Synthesis of Colloidal Clusters''

In the process of Polystyrene-Silica Cluster formation, the particles undergo the emulsion polymerization of monomers, in which the polymer beads saturate the inorganic surface and the emulsion was stabilized by the non-ionic surfactant (NP30).  One can go even further to synthesize the Silanized Polystyrene-Silica Clusters by adding 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) on top of the polystyrene particles.

The MPS surface-modified clusters were subsequently modifiedto form the silica shell by slowly adding the tetraethoxysilane at the rate that keeps the mixture from silica nucleation. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane was added to the mixture, stirred overnight, dialyzed against water, then the aqueous suspension was mixed with citrate-stabilized gold particles, purified by centrifugation. Colloidal crystals were then made via slow sedimentation by resuspending the clusters and sealing the solution inside a sample cell.

== Results ==

''Polystyrene-Silica Clusters''

In this study, the effect of varying the seed particle size was examined. The previous study suggested that the two-term potential energy function models the morphology of these clusters as they would follow the geometric rule. The results showed that the distribution of clusters is similar in width for beads with different sizes. 

The precise control of the silica particle size is essential for controlling the number of polystyrene domains building up on these particles and for maximizing the yield. It was observed that the transition from one cluster morphology to another is discontinuous as the size of the seeds changes. This can be captured by enforcing the hard-sphere constraint, as the maximum number of hard spheres that can fit on a central hard sphere as a function of the ratio of the sphere size. The authors suggested that to optimize the cluster distribution, one would need to select the size of the seed between the sizes where the transition of morphology occurs. 

The morphologies of all clusters with 2-8 polystyrene domains were found to be "Tammes packings".
*Clusters containing 6 domains - Octahedra
*Clusters containing 8 domains - Square antiprisms
*Clusters containing 9 domains - two slightly different variants of triaugmented triangular prism

''Titanium Dioxide versus Silica seeds''